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Thứ Tư, 15 tháng 7, 2015

Ultrasound of Kidney Length Predicts CKD

 2015 Jul;88(1):146-51. doi: 10.1038/ki.2015.71. Epub 2015 Apr 1.

A comparison of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging shows that kidney length predicts chronic kidney disease in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

Abstract

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is marked by gradual renal cyst and kidney enlargement and ultimately renal failure. Magnetic resonance-based, height-adjusted total kidney volume (htTKV) over 600 cc/m predicts the development of CKD stage 3 within 8 years in the Consortium for Radiologic Imaging in Polycystic Kidney Disease cohort. Here we compared simultaneous ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging to determine whether ultrasound and kidney length (KL) predict future CKD stage 3 over longer periods of follow-up. A total of 241 ADPKD patients, 15-46 years, with creatinine clearance of 70 ml/min and above had iothalamate clearance, magnetic resonance, and ultrasound evaluations. Participants underwent an average of five repeat clearance measurements over a mean follow-up of 9.3 years. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance-based TKV and KL were compared using Bland-Altman plots and intraclass correlations. Each measure was tested to predict future CKD stage 3. Relatively strong intraclass correlations between ultrasound and magnetic resonance were found for both htTKV and KL (0.81 and 0.85, respectively). Ultrasound and magnetic resonance-based htTKV and KL predicted future CKD stage 3 similarly (AUC of 0.87, 0.88, 0.87, and 0.88, respectively). An ultrasound kidney length over 16.5 cm and htTKV over 650 ml/min had the best cut point for predicting the development of CKD stage 3. Thus, kidney length alone is sufficient to stratify the risk of progression to renal insufficiency early in ADPKD using either ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging.
PMID:
 
25830764
 
[PubMed - in process] 
PMCID:
 
PMC4490113
 [Available on 2016-01-01]

Thứ Tư, 8 tháng 7, 2015

ROTATOR-CUFF TENDON REPAIRED


Discussion

Although recurrent rotator cuff tears are not uncommon, and imaging evaluation of a postoperative rotator cuff plays a critical role, as noted in the introduction, the temporal changes in the postoperative tendon on sonography have not been well investigated. This study aimed to address the uncertainties regarding the postoperative rotator cuff on serial follow-up sonographic examinations. In our study, serial sonographic evaluations of the repaired rotator cuff revealed mild thinning of the tendon over time. Recurrent tears of the repaired tendon were not frequent (4 of 65 [6%]), but if they happened, they always occurred within the first 3 months of surgical repair, which was concordant with results from a previous study.5 The morphologic appearance and peritendinous vascularity of the tendon were gradually normalized, although mild bursal thickening remained 6 months after surgery. Crim et al19 described the temporal evolution of MRI findings after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, with serial MRI examinations at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 12 months after surgery. The tendons were the most disorganized compared to the native tendons 3 months after surgery, and they generally improved between 3 and 12 months after surgery. Fealy et al14 also reported that it was not uncommon to detect a full-thickness defect on sonography in the early postoperative period; however, they hypothesized that this defect was a reparative scar rather than a true retear because it gradually improved over time. Previous histologic studies supported these results. Four to 6 weeks after surgery, there was disorganized collagen at the bonetendon interface as well as an irregular zone of edema between the collagen bundles with neovascularization immediately proximal to the bone-tendon interface.20,21 The interface tissue became progressively more organized with time, and the tendon fibroblasts were increasingly oriented along the tendon.21 Similarly, in this study, there was also a disorganized appearance, including a decreased echo texture, absence of a fibrillar pattern, and surface irregularity, in the repaired tendon at 5 weeks and 3 months; however, this disorganization normalized through remodeling by 6 months after surgery. Early postoperative tendons frequently had a hypo - echoic echo texture and the absence of a fibrillar pattern, which might be misinterpreted as recurrent tears; however, these features often normalized into tendons with an increased echo texture and the reappearance of a fibrillar pattern at 6 months (Figure 7). Based on these sequential findings, the sonographic findings within 3 months after surgery should be interpreted with caution to accurately understand and monitor the repaired tendon status. The defect described by Fealy et al14 might be similar to the finding mentioned above, although it could not be confirmed because the authors did not provide an image illustrating the defect in their article. In terms of the tendon thickness, Tham et al15 demonstrated that the repaired supraspinatus tendon thickness remained unchanged throughout 6 months of sonographic analysis, whereas Lasbleiz et al9 reported an inverse correlation between the tendon thickness and the time between measurements. In our study, the tendon thickness decreased over time after surgery, resulting in a 5% to 10% difference in the thickness. Some patients had marked changes exceeding 30% to 50% of the tendon thickness 5 weeks after surgery (Figure 6). After careful review of the arthroscopic findings and intense discussion with the surgeon, this change was thought to be a postoperative deformity, a “dog ear” deformity, at the repaired tendon with spontaneous remodeling over time.22 Subacromial-subdeltoid bursitis decreased significantly over time; however, mild bursal thickening was frequently observed at 6 months. This finding was consistent with a study performed by Tham et al,15 which demonstrated a significant decrease in the bursal thickness, capsular thickness, shoulder stiffness, and level of pain over time. Another interesting issue in the healing of a rotator cuff is the vascularity of the rotator cuff after surgical repair because blood at the site of a repaired tendon encourages the reestablishment of the bone-tendon attachment.13,14 Several studies have shown the vascular pattern in the repaired tendon on Doppler studies with or without a contrast agent.13–17These studies reported initial high vascular flow at the peritendinous region that decreased with time, whereas the repaired tendon showed either sparse or no blood flow. However, it was uncertain whether the vascularity at the bone anchor site was increased. The bone anchor site had the lowest blood flow on conventional Doppler studies,14whereas marked enhancement in the suture anchor and the peribursal regions were observed on contrast-enhanced sonography.13,16,17 The authors explained that the discrepancy between the findings from the contrast-enhanced and conventional Doppler studies could be attributed to the increased sensitivity of microbubble contrast techniques. In our study, the peritendinous region had the greatest blood flow, which decreased on follow-up sonography, and the bone anchor site and tendon remained relatively avascular. This result was consistent with studies performed using conventional Doppler analysis without microbubble contrast. On the basis of the finding of the most robust, highest vascularity in the peribursal tissue, some authors have suggested that the peribursal tissue might be the greatest conduit of blood flow for promoting healing of the repaired tendon.13,14,17 However, no data have shown the relationship between the peribursal vascularity and the retear rate or clinical outcomes, and further investigation is warranted. Our study had several limitations. First, subjective criteria were used to assess the morphologic tendon characteristics. Although efforts were made to use reproducible criteria, it was difficult to apply consistent and reproducible criteria between patients and examinations because of the operator-dependent nature of sonography. Second, it was at times difficult to assess the repaired tendon in the early postoperative period in patients with severe pain and a limited range of motion. Third, the follow-up was rather short, and further investigations of the long-term outcomes or prognoses 1 and 2 years after surgery are needed. Nevertheless, sonographic assessment of the repaired tendon 3 months after surgical repair might be important because the clinical examination at this time might be limited by immobility and pain, and most recurrent tears occur within the first 3 months of surgical repair. Fourth, the sizes of the rotator cuff tears were not uniform in our study. Fifth, there was no surgical proof of retears. Finally, clinical findings, including stiffness and the level of pain, were not assessed in our study. Further study is warranted to determine whether the sonographic appearance of a healing tendon correlates with the level of pain. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the occurrence of a retear developed within 3 months after surgery, and the tendon thickness and morphologic appearance of the repaired tendon improved over time and nearly normalized within 6 months after repair. In our study, the sonographic findings in the first 3 months after surgical repair should be interpreted with caution to accurately understand and monitor the repaired tendon status.



Thứ Sáu, 3 tháng 7, 2015

ONSD and RAISED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE




Objectives—The diagnosis of raised intracranial pressure (ICP) is important in many critically ill patients. The optic nerve sheath is contiguous with the subarachnoid space; thus, an increase in ICP results in a corresponding increase in the optic nerve sheath diameter. The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of sonography of the optic nerve sheath diameter compared to computed tomography (CT) for predicting raised ICP. 

Methods—We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane database from 1986 to August 2013 and performed hand searches. Two independent reviewers extracted data. Study quality was assessed by using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS) tool. We calculated κ agreement for study selection and evaluated clinical and quality homogeneity before the meta-analysis. 

Results—From 1214 studies, we selected 45 for full review. Twelve studies with 478 participants were included (κ = 0.89). Ocular sonography yielded sensitivity of 95.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 87.7%–98.5%), specificity of 92.3% (95% CI, 77.9%–98.4%), a positive likelihood ratio of 12.5 (95% CI, 4.16–37.5), and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.05 (95% CI, 0.02–0.14). Average quality according to the QUADAS tool was 7.4 of 11. There was moderate to high heterogeneity based on the prediction ellipse area and variance logit of sensitivity (2.1754) and specificity (2.6720). 

Conclusions—Ocular sonography shows good diagnostic test accuracy for detecting raised ICP compared to CT: specifically, high sensitivity for ruling out raised ICP in a low-risk group and high specificity for ruling in raised ICP in a high-risk group. This noninvasive point-of-care method could lead to rapid interventions for raised ICP, assist centers without CT, and monitor patients during transport or as part of a protocol to reduce CT use. 


VTI and VTQ on BREAST TUMORS


Objectives—Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death from cancer in women, and early detection is the key to successful treatment. Unfortunately, even with technological advances, the specificity of imaging modalities is still low. Therefore, we evaluated the value of a newly developed noninvasive technique, acoustic radiation force impulse imaging, for differentiating benign versus malignant breast lesions. 

Methods—We prospectively examined 141 breast lesions in 122 patients. All lesions were classified according to the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) for mammography, BI-RADS for sonography, and Virtual Touch tissue imaging (VTI; Siemens Medical Solutions, Mountain View, CA) pattern. Internal and marginal shear wave velocity (SWV) values for the lesions were noted. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values for VTI and Virtual Touch tissue quantification (VTQ; Siemens Medical Solutions) were calculated. 

Results—The marginal SWV values were statistically higher in malignant lesions (mean ± SD, 5.41 ± 1.37 m/s) than benign lesions (2.91 ± 0.88 m/s; P under .001). When the SWV cutoff level was set at 4.07 m/s, and the higher of the internal and marginal values was adopted, the combination of VTI and VTQ showed 95.1% sensitivity, 99.0% specificity, and 97.8% accuracy. 

Conclusions—Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System category 4 lesions are the main focus of research for early detection of breast cancer. Unfortunately, BI-RADS category 4 assessment covers a wide range of likelihood of malignancy (2%–95%). This wide range reflects the necessity for a more specific imaging modality. The combination of VTI and VTQ could increase the diagnostic performance of conventional sonography.